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Государственный университет – Высшая школа экономики
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов первого курса, изучающих английский язык в области информационных технологий по теме Hardware. Цель курса научить студентов работать со специальной базой научно-технических данных в названной области. Представленный материал состоит из 5 разделов, полностью охватывающих указанное направление:. Практика преподавания настоящего аспекта показала целесообразность лексической направленности упражнений и закрепляющего материала. Учебные задания должны способствовать усвоению специальных понятий и терминов в области информационных технологий.
В первом, третьем, четвертом и пятом разделах представлены задания, позволяющие развивать навыки учащихся давать собственную оценку полученной информации. Каждый урок этих разделов включает: тексты-опоры; англо-русский глоссарий; определения базовых терминов; упражнения, закрепляющие понимание терминологии; лексические упражнения, развивающие устную речь. Второй раздел представляет собой изложение структурной схемы персонального компьютера, поэтому упор в этом разделе делается на усвоение специальных терминов и перевод. Специфика преподавания данного аспекта состоит в необходимости постоянного обновления материала.
Представляется целесообразным предлагать студентам самостоятельно находить необходимый материал, развивая тем самым навыки поиска и аннотирования информации. На занятиях предполагается вести обсуждение тем с опорой на текст пособия и знакомый учащимся лексико-грамматический материал. Обсуждения носят информационно-познавательный характер. Пособие учитывает наличие разноуровневых групп. С этой целью введен раздел, содержащий дополнительные тексты, рассчитанные на самостоятельное освоение материала студентами первых групп. Different Types of Computers Unit 1.
Five Generations of Computers … … … … … … … … … … … 5 Unit 2. Types of Computers. Laptops vs Desktops. Notebooks vs Netbooks vs Ultra-mobile PCs. Section 2. Computer Basics Unit 1. Section 3. Input Devices Unit 1. Computer Keyboard.. Computer Mouse.. Image Capture. Section 4. Output Devices Unit 1. Types of Printers.. Section 5. Secondary Storage Devices Unit 1. Section 6. The Future of PCs Text 3. Overclocking Text 4. Speech Recognition Text 5. Different types of memory cards. Information technology, or IT, describes any technology that powers or enables the storage, processing and information flow within an organization.
Anything involved with computers, software, networks, intranets, Web sites, servers, databases and telecommunications falls under the IT umbrella. The software and the hardware make up a computer system. Software is most commonly used to refer to the programs executed by a computer system. Central processing unit implies the principal operating part of a computer. It must be joined to a primary memory to form the processor-memory of the basic von Neumann machine.
The term originated in the mainframe era. Since the advent of the smaller computers, printers etc. Unit 1 The Five Generations of Computers. The history of computer development is often referred to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today. First Generation - Vacuum Tubes The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Census Bureau in Second Generation - Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions. The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Fourth Generation - Present: Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand.
In IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and moved into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. What caused the malfunctions in the first computers? What are the advantages of transistors? What was the main distinctive feature of the third generation of computers? What advanced IBM to introduce first home computer? What is the goal of the fifth-generation computing?
If you define something, you show, describe, or state clearly what it is and what its limits are, or what it is like. To define a term you have to use the following words and expressions: apply to, refer to, relate with, imply, define, is used to identify, is used to describe, represent, constitute. Algorithm refers to a series of instructions or a step-by-step procedure for the solution of a problem. Byte implies a unit of information which consists of a fixed number of bits. The term disk is used to identify a storage device made of flat circular plates with magnetizable surfaces. Input represents the process of transferring information into the memory from some peripheral unit.
Circuitry very small electronic circuit printed on a single silicon chip. Interface a mode of computer operation in which a process is split into parts that execute simultaneously on different processors attached to the same computer. There is a strong tendency to use phrasal verbs instead of their one-verb equivalents. Different meanings of the phrasal verbs are given. Translate the following phrasal verbs and construct your own sentences:. Intervene, especially so as to attack or take control. Очевидно, что технопрогресс имеет положительную сторону: мы двигаемся быстрее, едим вкуснее и работаем организованнее.
Однако у этой медали есть и оборотная сторона. Облегчив себе жизнь в той или иной ее сфере, мы становимся зависимыми от нового «помощника», будь это социальные сети для разностороннего общения, мобильник для быстрой связи или WiFi-роутер для беспроводного выхода в интернет. И все же куда больше беспокойства обычно вызывает патологическая тяга к компьютеру. Психологи констатируют, что это серьезная угроза для человечества в целом. Такой вывод они сделали, подведя итоги всемирной акции «Выключи свой компьютер», которая проходила пару лет назад. Суть акции была в том, что участники клятвенно обещали не включать компьютер в течение суток. Организаторы эксперимента говорят, что эта доля просто не сумела справиться с психологической зависимостью от ПК.
Light-emitting devices and displays with improved performance
Light-emitting devices and displays with improved performance are disclosed. A light-emitting device includes an emissive material disposed between a first electrode, and a second electrode. Various embodiments include a device having a peak external quantum efficiency of at least about 2. Also disclosed is a light-emitting device comprising a plurality of semiconductor nanocrystals capable of emitting red light upon excitation, wherein the device has a peak luminescent efficiency of at least about 1. Also disclosed is a light-emitting device comprising a plurality of semiconductor nanocrystals capable of emitting red light upon excitation, wherein the device has a luminescent efficiency of at least about 1.
Substrate-fluorescent LED
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов первого курса, изучающих английский язык в области информационных технологий по теме Hardware. Цель курса научить студентов работать со специальной базой научно-технических данных в названной области. Представленный материал состоит из 5 разделов, полностью охватывающих указанное направление:. Практика преподавания настоящего аспекта показала целесообразность лексической направленности упражнений и закрепляющего материала. Учебные задания должны способствовать усвоению специальных понятий и терминов в области информационных технологий. В первом, третьем, четвертом и пятом разделах представлены задания, позволяющие развивать навыки учащихся давать собственную оценку полученной информации.
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